GM SWOT Essay - 2148 Words

MARKETING MANAGEMENT CASE ANALYSIS LECTURER: Boaz K. Ingari General Motors (K) ltd An Introduction General Motors East Africa Limited was formed in 1975 and is a joint venture between General Motors Corporation (57.8%), Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation (20%), Centum Investments (17.8%) and Itochu Corporation (4.4%). The vehicle manufacturing plant in Nairobi assembles a wide range of Isuzu trucks and buses. It is the largest manufacturer of commercial vehicles in the Eastern Africa region with more than fifteen models. GM East Africa also retails fully built Chevrolet brands. General Motors East Africa Limited is certified to ISO 9001:2008 (quality management system) and ISO 14001:2004 (environment†¦show more content†¦Maury F. Dieterich was appointed the new managing director of GM (K). Mr. Dieterich had been the financial director for three years prior to this, and he was therefore already well known by the local staff. Mr. Dieterich, as managing director, is a member of the board of GM (K), which is presently chaired by Mr. Bernard Hinga. Mr. Hinga and most directors are Kenyans. Company Objectives Discussing the production capacity of GM (K), Mr. Dieterich recently reported that the Nairobi plant was operating with only one shift (It has a three-shift potential) and forecast production at 2,300 units – approximately 60% of the capacity of one shift (E.g. 800 medium duty trucks, 600 light duty trucks, 500 pick-ups, 300 utility vehicles and 100 buses). This is reportedly a 50% increase over last year’s level of production. Utilizing a greater proportion of the production capacity would help GM (K) to fulfill a national goal of providing more jobs. Mr. Dieterich also stated that GM (K) had a responsibility to its customers and to the public to continually improve the quality and safety of its products to meet both strict international and GMC parent company standards, and to maintain high levels of service. In short, he stated that it is service and quality that really sells products. Finally, Mr. Dieterich said that he would follow his predecessor’s example of an open door policyShow MoreRelatedSwot of Gm1431 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT Analysis of General Motors Darien Connor MG352 10/03/2010 General Motors can trace it’s begins to 1908 the world largest automaker employing over 200K people in 157 countries. GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 31 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, FAW, GMC, Daewoo, Holden, Jiefang, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. GM s largest national market is China, followed by the United States, Brazil, GermanyRead MoreSwot Analysis- Gm (K)2152 Words   |  9 PagesQ1. Conduct a SWOT analysis for GM (K) SWOT analysis basically entails identifying and outlining the organization’s strong attributes that are helpful to achieving the objectives(strengths); weak attributes of the organization that are harmful to achieving its objectives (weaknesses); external opportune conditions that are helpful to achieving the organization’s objectives (Opportunities); external conditions that are harmful to achieving the organizations objectives(threats). Basically theRead MoreChevrolet Europe Essay2382 Words   |  10 PagesMotors, one of the world’s largest automakers, traces its roots back to 1908. With its global headquarters in Detroit, GM employs 204,000 people in every major region of the world and does business in some 140 countries. GM and its strategic partners produce cars and trucks in 34 countries, and sell and service these vehicles through the following brands: Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMC, GM Daewoo, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall and Wuling. GM’s largest nat ional market is the United States, followed by China,Read MoreHolden : An Australian Automobile Manufacturer1438 Words   |  6 Pages HOLDEN GM Holden Ltd known as Holden, is an Australian automobile manufacturer that operates in Australasia having it s headquarter in Port Melbourne, Victoria. The firm was initiated in 1856 as a saddlery manufacturer (as J.A. Holden Co.) in South Australia by James Alexander Holden. Later in 1885, German-born H.A. Frost joined the business as a junior partner and the firm was renamed to Holden Frost Ltd. However the company was given kick-start by Holden s grandson who had an interestRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Swot Analysis : Swot1223 Words   |  5 PagesOnStar – SWOT Analysis To help OnStar determine if home monitoring services should be added to its list of products and services, a SWOT analysis should be completed. A SWOT analysis is a situation analysis or tool used to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization (SWOT Analysis Definition | Investopedia, 2005). Thus, it is a basic straightforward model that determines what an organization, like OnStar, can and cannot do, as well as determines its opportunitiesRead MoreSwot Analysis : Volkswagen Group956 Words   |  4 Pagestool to understand the company’s past, present, and future situations both internally and externally. One among those tools being used is the SWOT analysis. On the whole, the SWOT analysis, being the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, is a helpful tool that can be handy to gage the overall situation of a company. This essay will complete a SWOT analysis on Volkswagen Group, one among the leading car manufacturers in the w orld to demonstrate its applications. Furthermore, an evaluationRead MoreToyota Marketing Plan4335 Words   |  18 Pagesdifferentiation strategy has made it enjoy an almost monopolistic presence especially in the developing nations of the world. On the other hand, the market structure can be seen as an oligopoly. This is due to the fact that there are other key players like GM who are peer competitors. Toyota is keen to see what these competitors are doing and make sure it reacts to their actions in a way that will guarantee its market leadership. 2.0 Strategic Focus and Plan There are three aspects of the existingRead MoreWhat Does It Happen?2202 Words   |  9 Pagesutilized as bolster vigor when power is demolished or when height request is high. Near to its three-pronged path of action of motion, Tesla presents money associated associations, like that of different automobile creators, much like normal Motors Co (GM). This joins typical advances and rents. For part of the frenzy wanders, it has a resale recognize to be a certain strategy. This gives some situation affirmation on cars appreciate must the consumer must alternate it. All matters regarded, Tesla hasRead MoreTiVo Strategic Audit Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pageson growing their business. II. Corporate Governance A. Top Management A.1. President and CEO- Thomas Rogers A.2. Senior Vice President and CFO- Steve Sordello A.3. Co-Founder and VP of Research and Development- James Barton A.4. Senior VP and GM- Jeffrey Klugman A.5. Senior VPs- Mark Roberts, Matthew Zinn, Nancy Kato, Joe Miller A.6. All of the top management possess the technical, marketing, and business knowledge necessary to running this specific business in this industry. B. Board ofRead MoreNeutrogenas Leadership: Vision, Mission, Value , and Swot Analyses Alignment with Jnj4783 Words   |  20 Pagescomprehension and community cooperation heavily rely on Leadership’s transparency and transfer of pivotal knowledge. This report analyzes the vision, mission, values and strategy of Neutrogena and Our Credo; Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT), internal processes, implementation timeliness and leadership roles. This report will help identify misalignment between the parent company and the organization to preserve core value and maintain competitive advantage. â€Å"Our Credo† is Our Commitments

El Nino Essay - 688 Words

El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a Worksheet After exploring the websites, you will have enough information to answer the following questions. There are 19 true/false questions and 1 short answer question that need to be answered. Submit your work to your instructor and then complete the El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a Quiz. The information below explains how to answer the questions. * If the statement is True, answer True for full credit. * If the statement is False, answer False for half credit and then rewrite the sentence to make it a True statement. To make it True, you will likely only need to swap no more than 2-4 words that describe the main concept to make it true. Here are a couple of examples. Example #1: True/False: Most†¦show more content†¦Answer: 7. Warm ENSO episodes result in abnormally wet conditions over northern Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines in both winter and summer seasons. Answer: 8. During a warm ENSO episode, storms tend to be more vigorous in the Gulf of Mexico along the southeast coast of the U.S. resulting in wetter than normal conditions in that region. Answer: 9. During a La Nià ±a episode, higher than normal pressure is observed over Indonesia and northern Australia and lower than normal pressure is observed over the eastern tropical Pacific. Answer: 10. The southeastern U.S. becomes warmer and drier than normal during a cold La Nià ±a episode. Answer: 11. El Nino is closely related to global atmospheric oscillation known as the Northern Oscillation. Answer: 12. La Nià ±a represents the warm phase of the ENSO cycle and El Nino represents the cold phase of the ENSO cycle. Answer: 13. NOAA’s Climate Prediction Center declares the onset of an El Nià ±o episode when the 6-month average sea-surface temperature departure exceeds 2.5 deg Celsius in the east-central equatorial Pacific. Answer: 14. El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a episodes typically occur every 2-7 years. However, in the historical record this interval has varied from 3-5 years. Answer: 15. El Nià ±o and La Nià ±a areShow MoreRelated El Nino Essay2743 Words   |  11 PagesEl Nino We live on an incredibly large planet. Even broader than the size of the planet are the amount of changes and relationships between humans, animals, environment, weather, and the effects of each. Many times with busy schedules and modern lifestyles we forget the interaction that goes on between any number of concepts or ideas. We fail to realize that a specific weather occurrence in the Pacific Ocean can have an effect on every day life in the United States. El Nino is one of the largestRead More El Nino, La Nina and Hurricanes Essay467 Words   |  2 PagesEl Nino, La Nina and Hurricanes How does the change in climate affect the frequency and the path of those powerful hurricanes and tropical storms in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans? Global warming has a profound vast impact on the Earth. Besides landmasses, ocean is warmed unevenly. Additionally, unexpected changes in ocean current will aggregate the uneven distribution of water temperatures along the globe. Warmer or cooler than normal sea surface temperatures occur alongRead More El Nino: Past, Present, and Future Essay example1296 Words   |  6 PagesEl Nino: Past, Present, and Future El Nino is both an atmospheric and oceanic phenomenon affecting weather patterns all around the world. It is complemented by La Nina in a cycle that occurs approximately every 4 years, varying as much as every two years to every six years (Wang 1999, 3331). La Nina has almost the opposite effect, however differs in its strength and duration randomly, as does El Nino (Fedorov 2000, 1998). The cycle is often paraphrased as ENSO, standing for El Nino-Southern OscillationRead MoreEl Nino2863 Words   |  12 PagesStates. El Nino is one of the largest scientific phenomenons that scientists have ever explored. The main concepts of El Nino are very simple and there are many variations, causes, affects, and relationships to study. The main idea behind El Nino is that the wind changes direction across the Pacific Ocean. In a non El Nino year (normal), the trade winds blow from east to west across the ocean, from North and South America towards the tropical regions of the Pacific Ocean. In an El Nino year, theRead MoreWhat Makes El Nino?2005 Words   |  9 PagesEl Nino is a phenomena that occurs when the ocean and the atmosphere collide. The warm atmosphere mixes with the water and creates a moisture in the air creating a low pressure system. A high pressure system is created when the cold water reduces the air above it. During a low pressure system the air becomes moist and can create severe tropical storms, on the other hand when there is a high pressure system the cold dry air goes back down and takes away all of the moisture. When combined this canRead MoreThe El Nino Southern Oscillation1878 Words   |  8 Pages Introduction The El Nino Southern Oscillation is a large scale circulation of atmospheric and oceanic interactions. It is a natural climate phenomenon where the tropical Pacific Ocean experiences higher than normal ocean temperature. The opposite, La Nina, refers to the unusual cooler than normal sea surface temperatures. It gained its name â€Å"the Christ child† in Spanish (â€Å"the girl† for La Nina) because the characteristic is most obvious around Christmas alone the western coast of South AmericaRead MoreEl Nino And Its Effects852 Words   |  4 PagesEl Nià ±o and its Effects Recently, the weather has varied greatly from traditional for many areas within the United States; the East Coast has had next to zero snow, while Midwest states have been hit by several heavy snowstorms. Although this change in weather patterns, compared to the average year, may appear unordinary and confusing, it can be attributed to the fact that a very strong El Nià ±o is currently underway. El Nià ±o occurs when trade winds in the Pacific Ocean decrease in magnitude, whichRead More El Nino Essay1144 Words   |  5 Pages El Nino nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Typically, the level of ocean water around the world is higher in the western Pacific and lower in the eastern, near the Western coast of South and North America. This is due primarily to the presence of easterly winds in the Pacific, which drag the surface water westward and raise the thermocline relatively all the way up to the surface in the east and dampen it in the west. During El Nino conditions, however, the easterlies move east, reducing the continuingRead MoreGlobal Warming As Causes Of El Nino Southern Oscillation Phenomena2540 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Æ' ESSAY PLAN Global Warming As Causes Of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Phenomena The advancements in various sectors in the life of human beings, which often exploit natural resources without control, directly or indirectly lead to changes in the environment sustained effect unconsciously towards the emergence of a disaster. The other thing is the changes of natural phenomena that occur periodically turned into irregular and even a negative effect on habitat and human life. People unrealizedRead MoreThe El Nino : A Weather Phenomenon1548 Words   |  7 PagesThe El Nià ±o story starts on the eastern Pacific Ocean. Peruvian fisherman have alway known the usually very cold and plentiful waters every so often become exceptionally warm, followed by the collapse of fish stocks. These unusual events return every 3-7 years and, and peak around December (Christmas), the fishermen named the phenomenon El Nià ±o (Spanish for boy child). For decades, El Nià ±o was considered to be a weather phenomenon only correlating with the countries of western South America. Scientists

Employee Recognition and Employee Retention

Question: Discuss about theEmployee Recognition and Employee Retention. Answer: Introduction Human resource management is an important component of the organization, which includes activities such as recruitment and selection of employees. Through human resource management, organizations are able to drive the realization of organizational goals and objectives. This argumentative essay considers human resource management within the context of McDonalds as presented in the case study. The essay answers three questions related to the case study about McDonald's use of recognition as a key driver of its corporate culture and strategy. The main argument advanced is that McDonald's human resource approach is consistent with many of the human resource practices that are recommended in the literature and that it is a highly effective approach. The Importance of Employee Recognition Towards Employee Retention Employee recognition is an important avenue towards the retention of employees. This is because employee recognition plays an important role in ensuring the employees are satisfied with their current jobs. In fact, recognition is one of the factors that has been explicitly identified in the literature as contributing to employees dissatisfaction with their job positions and their consequent decision to exit an organization (Gregory, 2011). Thus, by having a recognition scheme, organizations are able to reduce the rate of labour turnover in their organizations. As shall be discussed in the ensuing paragraphs, the retention of employees is essential for a wide range of reasons, which include the retention of key talent. In the case of McDonald's the significance of retention is corroborated by its indication that up to 80% of its business managers began as crewmembers with the company. This high proportion is also evidence of McDonalds ability to retain its employees, which can partly be attributed to its practice of employee recognition, The recognition of employees contributes to employee retention by increasing the satisfaction levels of employees. Employee satisfaction is one of the most commonly discussed paradigms within the business literature. In the context of employee retention, employees dissatisfaction with their jobs is one of the most commonly cited reasons for high rates of labour turnover(Tracey Hinkin, 2008). Typical issues that employees will be dissatisfied with include their relationships with supervisors, the job content, job conditions and pay practices amongst other factors. Employees dissatisfaction with their jobs leads to outcomes such as lowered productivity, which in turn curtails the ability of the organization to realize its objectives. This is because employees who are dissatisfied tend to be unmotivated and non-committal, and are thus counterproductive to the organization (Gregory, 2011). It is therefore in the best interest of organizations to ensure that their employees are satisfied , as this will lead to an increase in motivation and in turn, enhance the productivity of employees. Ultimately, the positive effects will translate into the realization of organizational objectives. For McDonalds, one can argue that the company is able to satisfy its employees, given its high retention rates. However, rather than merely inferring McDonalds ability to satisfy employees, one can also demonstrate that this is the case, by analysing McDonalds practices from the context of theories of motivation. One of the ways in which employee satisfaction can be understood is through theories of motivation. Coomber Barriball (2007) highlight Maslows hierarchy of needs and Herzbergs two-factor theory. Maslows theory presents needs in a hierarchical form whereby lower level needs must first be satisfied before higher-level needs are satisfied. This theory is discussed in the next paragraph. With regard to the job satisfaction/dissatisfaction paradigm and the role of recognition, the two-factor theory presents a more explicit exemplification. The approach categorizes job factors into dissatisfiers and satisfiers. Dissatisfiers are those factors whose absence leads to job dissatisfaction, but whose presence has little impact on job satisfaction. They include factors such as pay and benefits, organization policies and the work environment (Coomber Barriball, 2007). Indeed, it has been noted in the previous paragraph that these are some of the factors with which employees tend to be dissatisf ied. Alternatively, job satisfiers include recognition and achievement, as well as self-satisfaction(Coomber Barriball, 2007). Evidently, recognition practices such as those exercised by McDonalds are vital in promoting retention, since, in their absence, employees will not be satisfied with their jobs. At the same time, McDonald's also astutely manages the dissatisfier components which otherwise have the capacity to cause employees to be dissatisfied. The other important theory is Maslows hierarchy of needs. Unlike the two-factor theory, whose moderating effect on employee retention occurs through the satisfier-dissatisfier paradigm, Maslows hierarchy considers the various levels of need that employees have, and the ability of the company to meet these needs. Thus, according to Coomber and Barriball (2007), the key activity within a Maslowian approach is to identify what needs and values need to be realized so that an employee is satisfied. The hierarchy is presented in the form of a pyramid, whereby the number of needs at each successive level reduces, but the needs increase in their complexity (Dubrin, 2011). The five levels of needs are further classified into the two categories of physiological and psychological needs. Factors such as recognition are related to the psychological level of needs. Employee recognition contributes to the satisfaction of self-esteem and self-actualization needs of employees. The satisfaction of the se needs contributes to employee job satisfaction, which in turn enhances the ability of the organization to retain its employees. Employee retention provides important support for organizational cultures such as that of McDonalds, which seeks to secure its talent and have them serve in top positions. Another manner in which McDonalds employee recognition supports its culture and programs is through employee empowerment. Employee empowerment is an important feature of performance management, which enables organizations to get the best out of their employees. According to Meyerson and Dewettinck (2012), there is a direct link between employee empowerment and issues like performance, job satisfaction, and commitment. As has been noted, employees who are satisfied with their jobs are likely to be more productive, and less likely to want to leave a company. Klidas, van den Berg and Wilderom (2007) highlight four features, which they contend, are antecedents to empowered employee behaviour. The first of this is training, which commences with the selection and recruitment of the right candidates for the job(Klidas, van den Berg, Wilderom, 2007). The assertion by Gregory (2011) that where there is a poor fit between an employee and a particular job, then dissatisfaction is most certain to follow, underscores the importance of proper selection. Secondly, there is reward practices, which play an important role by embedding particular practices and attitudes in employees. These include responsibility and innovativeness(Klidas, van den Berg, Wilderom, 2007). The third and fourth antecedents are the organizational culture and management practices. These antecedents are now considered in the context of McDonalds. A review of McDonalds practices reveals a consistency with the aspects of employee empowerment that have been outlined above. The first factor is training. McDonalds engages in an extensive and elaborate training of its employees, with the company being a registered training organization. Moreover, the company has an annual training budget of above $40 million. Further aspects of training include the significant amount of time spent by Frank McManus on training and development. Specifically, this senior vice president spends about 30 to 40 percent of his time on executive development and talent management. Secondly, there is reward practices, which McDonald engages in an elaborate reward scheme, which involves not just the payment of employees, but further, recognizing them for their exemplary performance. Employees receive a gift voucher as well as formal recognition in front of their peers. Also related to reward practices is McDonalds endeavour to guarantee transparency by ensurin g that its employees have a proper understanding of its pay decisions, and ensuring that there is equity between various roles. Here, there are two important aspects to note. One is the endeavour by the company to ensure fairness, and the second is its endeavour to communicate these practices to employees. Both of these aspects are important since according to Gregory (2011), they have the capacity to lead to employee dissatisfaction. Organizational culture and management practices are closely interrelated features, which affect employees motivations and job satisfaction. The corporate culture of a company influence the companys strategic direction and its ability to meet its strategic objectives. According to Rugman and Collinson (2012), human resource managers usually utilize organizational culture to embed certain practices such as innovativeness in their workforce. The organizational culture is closely linked to the management style adopted in a particular organization. According to Mosley and Patrick (2011), leadership styles contribute to a particular organizational culture, while conversely, the organizational culture tends to reinforce a particular leadership style. The management approach, through the leadership style adopted, is an important antecedent of employee empowerment. Certain leadership styles tend to empower management, while others tend to empower employees. Employee empowerment has been linked to those leadership approaches that are participative in nature (Bass, 2008). In particular, the transformational leadership approach is closely associated with employee empowerment, through its dimensions such as individualized consideration(Harms Cred, 2010). McDonald's corporate culture is one that places emphasis on people. While there is no clear-cut evidence that the company offers individualized consideration to its employees, one can nonetheless contend that the leadership approach is a transformative one. This is as opposed to a transactional leadership approach. This contention can be corroborated by considering the fact that transformational leadership approaches emphasize on people, while transactional approaches emphasize on tasks(Bass, 2008). Consequently, given McDonalds recognition of people as part of its culture, it is evident that the management approach conforms to a transformative leadership style. One of the most compelling challenges for organizations in the contemporary world is the attraction and retention of talent. This is the case for business institutions as well as non-profits such as the Spastic centre. One of the ways through which organisations cope with this challenge is using compensation packages. According to Tangthong, Trimetsoontorn, and Rojniruntikul, (2014), this use of compensation packages and benefits is a viable strategy. The approach by McDonalds, however, does not rely on compensation packages or benefits and is instead embedded in the use of practices such as recognition. While the use of recognition is successful within a business setting, it is unlikely that the direct application of such an approach would suffice for the retention of volunteers within a non-profit. This is because of the significant differences in the structure of a not-for-profit organization and that of a business organisation. For starters, the motivations that drive volunteers to enlist in a non-profit organisation are likely to be different from the motivations that drive individuals to apply for employment positions. While seeking volunteer opportunities, individuals may either be driven by altruistic motivations or by egoistic inclinations(Shye, 2010). Consequently, it is imperative that non-profit organizations first understand the motivation behind the decisions of individuals to volunteer. If individuals are driven by altruistic inclinations, then it is unlikely that recognition will further increase their level of satisfaction with the organization. According to Tomazos and Butler (2012), the motivation belying the engagement of deep or altruistic volunteers is an affinity to satisfy the psychological and altruistic needs. Alternatively, there are also shallow volunteers, whose main motivation behind volunteering is personal self-development. Such volunteers may seek rewards that can be translated into monetary value(Chen Chen, 2011). Consequently, it is imperative that non-profits first understand the nature of volunteering individuals. They can then classify these volunteers and assign them different roles according to their needs. In this way, they will satisfy the needs and expectations of volunteers and enhance the chances of volunteer retention. Conclusion Organizations today face the prospects of increasing competition at both ends of the supply chain, meaning that they not only have to contend for a space in the market but also, have to engage more aggressively when seeking resources. One such resource is the human resource component, which is an important source of competitive advantage. Organizations can enhance the retention of top employees in a number of ways, including the use of compensation packages and through astute management practices. The most important consideration for organizations, however, is to ensure that they guarantee the satisfaction of employees, and reduce employee dissatisfaction. This is because employee satisfaction/dissatisfaction has a great capacity to prompt an individual to either stay at or exit and organization. References Bass, B. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (4th Edition ed.). New York: Free Press. Chen, L.-J., Chen, J. S. (2011). The motivations and expectations of international volunteer tourists: A case study of Chinese Village Traditions. Tourism Management, 32(2), 435-442. Coomber, B., Barriball, K. L. (2007). Impact of job satisfaction components on intent to leave and turnover for hospital-based nurses: a review of the research literature. International journal of nursing studies, 44(2), 297-314. Retrieved December 09, 2016 DuBrin, A. J. (2011). Human relations for career and personal success: concepts, applications, and skills. 9th ed. , . Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall/Pearson. Gregory, K. (2011). The importance of employee satisfaction. The Journal of the Division of Business Information Management, 29-37. Harms, P. D., Cred, M. (2010). Emotional intelligence and transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analysis. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 17(1), 5-17. Klidas, A., van den Berg, P. T., Wilderom, C. P. (2007). Managing employee empowerment in luxury hotels in Europe. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 18(1), 70-88. Meyerson, G., Dewettinck, B. (2012). Effect of Empowerment on Employees Performance. Advanced Research in Economic and Management Sciences (AREMS), 2, 40-46. Mosley, D. C., Patrick, D. K. (2011). Leadership and Followership: The Dynamic Process of Building High Performance Cultures. Organization Development Journal, 29(2), 85-100. Rugman, A. M., Collinson, S. (2012). International Business (6th ed.). Harlow England: Palgrave. Shye, S. (2010). The motivation to volunteer: A systemic quality of life theory. Social Indicators Research, 98(2), 183-200. Tangthong, S., Trimetsoontorn, J., Rojniruntikul, N. (2014). HRM Practices and Employee Retention in ThailandA. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(2), 162-166. Retrieved December 09, 2016 Tomazos, K., Butler, R. (2012). Volunteer tourists in the field: A question of balance? Tourism Management, 33(1), 177-187. Tracey, J. B., Hinkin, T. R. (2008). Contextual factors and cost profiles associated with employee turnover. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 49(1), 12-27. Retrieved December 09, 2016

Internet Governance

Introduction Internet governance is crucial for the security of the world’s nations. The Internet is the most commonly used source of information in the modern digitalized economies regardless of a nation’s development status.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Internet Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, terrorists use the Internet to access information about their target areas of attack across the world; hence, there is a great need for Internet governance that offers security mechanism for shielding information that could benefit terrorists in their missions. Since its inception, the Internet has lacked a centralized governing body, hence making it freely accessible to everyone with an Internet access around the globe. Consequently, many people have suffered from acts of terrorisms and huge data leaked to the hands of the Internet hackers. In addition, individuals, co rporate organisations, and even governmental bodies have suffered huge losses due to the Internet virus spread coupled with malwares that corrupt computer memories leading to loss of data. In addition, many people have lost trust with the Internet security mechanism for its lenience on tightening security for fear of denying people the freedom of expression over the Internet. Some countries oppose the idea of introducing central governing bodies for the Internet fearing that their communication technology development might be hampered by the developed countries1. In contrast, some developed nations fear that other countries would take that advantage to hinder their development thus opposing the idea of centralised Internet governance. Internet Governance Forum (IGF) There is no universal definition of the term â€Å"Internet Governance†, which has been agreed upon by the involved stakeholders. The simplest definition of Internet Governance is the management, control, and coor dination of the Internet.2 However, in 2005, the United Nations held the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), in which the delegates agreed upon the definition of the term â€Å"Internet Governance†. According to Kruger, the agreed definition defined the Internet Governance as â€Å"the development and application by governments, the private sector, and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet†.3Advertising Looking for case study on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The coming of the Internet has led to the changes in the mode of international telecommunications processes in the world. Initially, growth and development of the Internet had been without guidance and participation of intergovernmental processes until the adoption of the International Telec ommunication Union (ITU) in 1973.4 However, the Internet had not fully grown to a level of becoming a global communication, economic, political, and social platform as it is in the contemporary times. The role of ITU was to manage and standardize the technical and operation tasks of the Internet, which include the standardization of communication protocols, managing web names, and numerical addresses used over the Internet. The rapid growth and development of the Internet in many countries all over the world stirred concerns over the introduction of a multi-stakeholder Internet governance rather than giving the United States full control over the management of the Internet. Fidler claims that the main objective of these countries was â€Å"to bring the role of Internet governance within the intergovernmental processes and under the international Internet law treaties†5. In 1988, members of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) adopted the International telecommunica tion Regulations (ITRs), which according to Fidler ,it â€Å"focused on interconnection and universal operation ability of communication services brought about by the growth of the Internet, and hence replaced Telegraph and Telephone Regulations that ITU had espoused upon its adoption in 1973†6. According to Kruger, the ITRs contained the â€Å"governing principles rather than rules that formed a simple framework for the international communication cooperation, which are still been in use today†.7 Over the last few decades, the use and development of the internet in the world has been growing rapidly, and that has posed a great challenge on the Internet governance and administration policies. Internet governance underscores a wide area of study and it entails a number of administrative aspects that seek to keep Internet content under check. Some policies are difficult for national regulative mechanisms, and thus they require international co-operation, of which some po licies are often difficult to agree upon their international uniformity.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Internet Governance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been heated deliberations over the aspects that touch on Internet governance coupled with the necessary regulations governing the same. According to Kruger, â€Å"the United Nations held the World Summit on Information Society (WSIS) in two stages, viz. the first and the second in 2003 and 2005 respectively, which gave momentum to the debate on Internet Governance†8. The ultimate goal of holding the summit was to discuss the methods that would increase the access of communication and information technologies in the applied when applied on the global platform. Much of the discussions made in the summit relied heavily on the centralisation of the technical administration of the internet, which disappointed a majority of the participants and especially the delegates from the third world countries. However, a key outcome of the summit was an agreement upon the establishment of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), and the aim of the governance forum was to bring together multi-stakeholders in its management, which included the governments, industry, and civil societies. The WSIS of 2003 summit did not reach a consensus because of presence of many disagreements between the proponents and proposers of the adoption of the multi-stakeholder approach to the Internet governance. While China and third world countries proposed for the adoption of the Multi-stakeholder approach, the United States and other western developed countries advocated for the introduction of more governmental and intergovernmental control mechanisms. Those disagreements led the WSIS to advising the then UN Secretary-General to establishing the Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) in December 2004. Much heated debate over the Internet control l ed to the confrontation of the WGIG by the parties of both sides. Those confrontations forced the WGIG to recommend the establishment of the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), which was passed on the second WSIS summit in 2005.Advertising Looking for case study on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the initial IGF lacked the decision-making authority, despite its being a multi-stakeholders discussion forum. Moreover, in 2006 ITU members decided to hold an international conference on the international telecommunication for the ITRs that would empathize on the much-evolved international telecommunication environments, which they proposed to hold in 2012. In 2012, delegates filled the ITU conference on the international telecommunication with heated debates over the stand of the ITU on Internet governance. Proponents of the multi-stakeholders approach believed that ITU was using the conference as a platform of bringing Internet governance under the control of both the governmental and non-governmental organisations and hindering innovation, growth of the e-commerce, the Internet development, people’s democracy, and the human rights. Many scholars viewed the idea of the reviewing the ITRs as a move to tie the government regulations on the Internet, and hence keepin g the free usage of the Internet away from the future generations. They argued that in order to prevent that case from happening coupled with any fundamental shift concerning the modern Internet governance, influential stakeholders should seek ways of protecting it. However, the secretary general of ITU, Hamadoun Tourà ©, had stated that the conference would not address any issues relating to the Internet governance, but some members proposed for changes that focused much on Internet governance, and they considered it prudent to hold discussions over them. For instance, according to Fidler, in an article on the Internet, Russia had discussed on the multi-stakeholder model, viz. â€Å"Member States shall have equal rights to manage the Internet, including in regard to the allotment, assignment and reclamation of the Internet numbering, naming, addressing and identification resources, and to support for the operation and development of the basic Internet infrastructure†9. Othe r forms of proposed revisions on ITRs included the financing model for the Internet communications and measures that affect the security of both computer and the Internet security.10 Unfortunately, the conference ended without mutual consensus. There were 144 delegates having the voting rights out of whom eighty-nine appended their signs on the revision of ITRs including many from the third world countries, China, and Russia. On the other hand, delegates from the Unites States, European nations, and Australia did not sign for the revision. The fact that both sides had powerful nations led to the ending of a conference without consensus. However, the ITU secretary-general noted later that the revised ITRs did not mention the word ‘Internet’; hence, there was a need for the revision and thus he made a resolution to adopt the revision. The new revised ITRs included a preamble language, which required ITU members to remain committed in implementing the proposed regulations in manners, which respected and upheld human rights. The major difference between this form of language and others is its responsiveness to debates over the human rights and the Internet while others relied heavily on the freedom of expression as the only basic human right over the communication technologies11. In addition, there were articles of the revised ITRs that brought controversies among the members of the ITU. For instance, article 1 contained a provision that allowed private institutions that engage in the provision of international communication services to govern the Internet. This move brought about the question on the purpose and scope of the ITRs to the government of the United States. Hence, according to Drake, â€Å"the United States strongly opposed the provision by arguing that the revised ITRs broadened the scope of Internet governance to the point that the private sector and government operators could play a crucial role in the governance of the Internet across the world†.12 There was also a controversy about the added language in the article1.1 (a), which touched on the human rights and addressed the Internet content as a human right. In essence, content-related issues cannot be termed as human rights to the freedom of expression. The provision failed to convince the majority of members, and as a result, ITU dropped it after much criticism concerning its provision to post harmful contents over the Internet under the human rights provision. Article 5A provided for the provision of information security and cyber-security by individual member states. The United States strongly opposed that provision and described both ITU and ITRs as inappropriate avenues for the world’s Internet security issues. The manner in which some developed countries signed the revision of ITRs was questionable to the United States and consequently it viewed Russia and China as geared towards introducing the Internet security covers that could limit the public usage of the Internet at freewill. Hence, it strongly opposed that provision terming it as a risky move to the human rights. The ITU also adopted an additional revision to the ITRs concerning the enabling of the greater growth of the Internet by all stakeholders called Resolution 3.13 However, Resolution 3 was a non-binding regulation though it received much criticism from some countries especially the United States that viewed it as a contravention to the promise by the ITU secretary general, Hamadoun Tourà © that WCIT would not touch on anything related to the Internet in the discussions. The United States feared that the proponents of the revision would extend this provision to the point of allowing government and non-government bodies to have great influence over the Internet governance. However, the reviewed ITRs policies would be put in place at the start of 2015 to the countries that appended the revision. On the other hand, others, who did not append to the revision, would remain bound by the current ITRs. There are various questions about the adverse effect of Internet governance on businesses conditions, planning, decision-making processes, and other important sectors in an economy14. In addition, the scope of Internet governance also seems unclearly defined as to where it should take place, the Internet issues that should be addressed, and outcomes to be sought in the application of Internet governance mechanisms. These serious issues hamper good international relations amongst different states such as Russia, United States, and China. Lack of consensus in the world conference of international telecommunication (WCIT) hints at a probable lack of signs of a meaningful comprise in the future. Going by the international laws, the WCIT tried to introduce Internet governance as a set of international rules. Opposition by any state to these rules did not pose any danger of prosecution, but rather the consequences of failing to adhere to such rules and policies. The ITU members realised such discrepancies, which compelled the ambassador of the United States to conclude that his country would support the multi-stakeholders approach of the Internet governance, which incorporates industries, civil societies, and other major stakeholders of economic growth and development. In October 2006, the UN summit held the first meeting that discussed issues on the Internet Governance Forum. In attendance were the delegates from different economic sectors and countries all over the world. In addition, those delegates from different sectors that included government, industries, charities, and civil organisations. According to Drake, â€Å"the main theme of the conference was Internet Governance for economic growth and development, and had four main subcategories, which included viz. openness, security, access issues, and cultural and linguistic diversity†.15 Internet Governance does not make decisions, but it provides an Internet plat form for democratic decision-making by setting up dynamic coalitions for the process. The key issues in the dynamic coalitions include privacy, open standards, and rights and responsibilities of the Internet users. Beginning with the privacy, the Internet governance forum provided for rules that regulate the web and the Internet users about the handling of privacy. Privacy protection is the first step to ensuring the security of the Internet users through emails, web pages, and databases. Secondly, the Internet security is a major issue of concern in today’s digital world. The major Internet security threats include spam, malwares, and cyberspace attacks. Spam is unwanted message sent by unanimous senders to recipients and mostly contains immoral and security threatening messages. Internet governance has the responsibilities of prohibiting the sending of spam messages over the Internet. Malware refers to application software products sent over the email and destroys the compu ter database whenever they run in a computer. However, there is a major concern that Internet governance should also control the Internet content despite it being open and global. However, since the inception of the Internet, it has never been under control of a controlling body or organisation. The Internet abuse is controllable and Internet governance mechanisms need to be introduced for the execution of the Internet control processes. For instance, in the UK, unlawful Internet content leads to the prosecution whereby the Internet Watch Foundation controls the Internet contents that are abusive to under-aged individuals. In addition, Ofcom, a UK Internet regulator, works to control the standards of the contents broadcasted over the Internet. It does not prosecute the law offenders, but its duty is to raise awareness to the stakeholders, who include industries and civil societies among others, about the self-regulatory capability that each have over the content displayed over the I nternet. Ofcom is a good example of the Internet governance by the multi-stakeholders. In the United States, network neutrality policy advocates for equal treatment of the information displayed over the Internet regardless of the nature and impacts of the content. Considering the future of Internet governance, this paper would conclude by saying that it is at a greater stake considering the policies that are available today for governing the Internet content16. This policy has brought issues in the United States over a majority of the Internet users displaying contents that are abusive to minors and insulting to the religious individuals. However, the government emphasizes on the issuance of freedom of expression to its citizens, and hence no limit to the Internet contents. Through the Internet governance mechanisms, numerous organisations are involved in the administration of the Internet at both the national and international spectrum. The most common organisation that governs int ernet addresses and security is the Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) located in the United States. In addition, ICANN is a non-profit making organisation for assigning domain names and the IP addresses. Domain Name System (DNS) is a system for allowing computers to identify each other through unique numerical labels and IP addresses. This system ensures security of the Internet users by the identifications of the computers being used over the Internet, and thus it is easy to track the Internet offenders by the location of the used computers. University of Southern California was the first institution mandated, by the government of the United States, with the role of issuing DNS and IP addresses until the introduction of ICANN in early1998. The US government mandated ICANN with the role of delegating top-level domain names to some organisations that maintained two level domain names such as.com and.net17. Secondly, it is responsible for allocating blocks of the Internet protocol ad dresses to five most common regional Internet registries, and thirdly it authorises the creation of high-level domain names. However, the US department of commerce had much control over the ICANN until in 2006 when a joint agreement to allow it to have full independence over its responsibilities was reached by various government institutions, but the department of commerce has the authority to oversee how ICANN issues the domain registries to some organisations and specific clients18. Internet Governance Forum wishes to introduce new technologies in the governing of the Internet activities that use the detection of the IP addresses of the computers being used for the Internet networking at certain locations. For instance, the Google map application is used in the identification of specific geographical locations of interest all over the world. Google maps are widely used by navigators as well as the Internet governance bodies such as the United States Marine Corps who use special sa tellite assisted maps in the identification of locations of interest all over the world. However, some critics argue that Internet governance tends to limit the Internet freedom, and this assertion can be looked into two different perspectives. First, Internet governance could limit the Internet freedom through allowing much involvement of the government regulators into the regulatory bodies such as the ICANN of the United States. Secondly, the Internet freedom is denied when the Internet governance mechanisms, which control the nature of the Internet content, are put in place and they end up limiting some individuals from posting contents that are harmful to some individuals such as the Ofcom, which protects the minors. Works Cited Benedek, Wolfgang, Veronica Bauer, and Matthias Ketterman. Internet Governance  and the Information Society: Global Perspectives and European Dimensions, New Jersey: Eleven International Publishing, 2008. Print. Drake, William. Reforming Internet Gover nance: Perspectives from the Working  Group on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2005. Print. Fidler, David. â€Å"Internet Governance and International Law: The Controversy Concerning Revision of the International Telecommunication Regulations.† American Society of International Law 17.6 (2013): 7-14. Gelbstein, Eduardo, and Jovan Kurbalija. Internet governance: issues, actors, and  divides, Merbourne: Diplo Foundation, 2005. Print. Kruger, Leonard. Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues for  Congress, Washington, D.C: The Library Congress, 2010. Print. Mathiason, John. Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions,  London: Routlegde, 2008. Print. Mueller, Milton. Ruling the root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace,  Washington D.C.: MIT Press, 2004. Print. Thierer, Adam, and Wayne Crews. Who rules the net: Internet governance and  jurisdiction, Boston: Cato Institute, 2003. Print. United Nat ions ICT Task Force. Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration: an  Edited Collection of Papers Contributed to the United Nations ICT Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2004. Print. Footnotes 1 John Mathiason. Internet Governance: The New Frontier of Global Institutions, London: Routlegde, 2008. Print. p.94. 2Ibid, p.27. 3Leonard Kruger. Internet Governance and the Domain Name System: Issues for Congress, Washington, D.C: The Library Congress, 2010. Print. p.162 4David Fidler. â€Å"Internet Governance and International Law: The Controversy Concerning Revision of the International Telecommunication Regulations.† American Society of International Law 17.6 (2013): 7-14. 5Fidler, p.8. 6Ibid, p.13. 7 Kruger, p.163. 8Ibid, p.168. 9 Fidler, p.9. 10 Mathiason, p.105 11Adams Thierer and Wayne Crews. Who rules the net: Internet governance and jurisdiction, Boston: Cato Institute, 2003. Print. p.128. 12 William Drake. Reforming Int ernet Governance: Perspectives from the Working Group on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2005. Print. p.162. 13 Kruger, p.73. 14 Wolfgang Benedek, Veronica Bauer, and Matthias Kettermaand. Internet Governance and the Information Society: Global Perspectives and European Dimensions, New Jersey: Eleven International Publishing. 2008. Print. p.111. 15 Drake, p.201. 16 Milton Mueller. Ruling the root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace, Washington D.C.: MIT Press, 2004. Print. p.183. 17Thierer and Crews, p.136. 18 United Nations ICT Task Force. Internet Governance: A Grand Collaboration: an Edited Collection of Papers Contributed to the United Nations ICT Task Force Global Forum on Internet Governance, New York: United Nations Publications, 2004. Print. p.47 This case study on Internet Governance was written and submitted by user Brodie J. to help you with your own studies. 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